Feb. 25, 2025

Keep an Eye on Your Bubons: Gene Delta 32

Keep an Eye on Your Bubons: Gene Delta 32
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What happens when a Carbliss tequila cocktail tastes more like cleaning products? Kate has the answer, and it involves a trusty backup plan involving a classic Modelo. Meanwhile, Bradley finds summer in a can with his newfound love for a Sierra Nevada tropical IPA. Our lighthearted beverage banter takes some unexpected turns, touching everything from AI to genetic testing, and even Kate’s personal experience with genetic profiling for breast cancer. There's a blend of humor and insight as we navigate the joys and quirks of modern life.

We then journey back in time to 17th-century London during the grim days of the 1665 plague. The contrast between the affluent and impoverished districts paints a vivid picture of a city struggling to control an outbreak that would claim thousands. Amid tales of quarantines and survival, we ponder the mysteries of the Delta 32 genetic mutation and its possible role in helping some endure the deadly pandemic unscathed. Our discussion transitions smoothly from historical intrigue to genetic marvels, leaving us questioning how these threads connect past and present.

Fast forward to 1980s San Francisco, where the resilience of human genetics once again takes center stage. Steve Krohn's remarkable story unfolds, revealing the protective power of Delta 32 against the HIV virus. As we unravel the persistent shadow of historic diseases like the bubonic plague, our curiosity is piqued by modern DNA research that continues to illuminate the links between ancient pandemics and genetic resistance. With a mix of humor, history, and science, this episode promises to keep listeners both entertained and enlightened.


DNA confirms cause of 1665 London's Great Plague

By Nicola Stanbridge

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37287715

The Mystery Of The Village That Beat The Black Death | Riddle Of The Plague Survivors | Chronicle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8zFzbgfgWw

Black Death By: History.com Editors

https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death

Great Plague of 1665-1666

https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/great-plague/



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Chapters

00:16 - Tasting and Genetic Profiling Discussion

14:33 - London's Historical Plague Quarantine Survival

29:48 - Understanding Delta 32 and the Plague

38:29 - Resilience Against Deadly Diseases

48:02 - Epidemics Through History and Genetic Profiling

Transcript
WEBVTT

00:00:16.338 --> 00:00:17.219
Oh hey there.

00:00:17.219 --> 00:00:18.922
Oh hey there.

00:00:18.922 --> 00:00:21.791
I'm Kate and I'm Bradley.

00:00:21.791 --> 00:00:24.088
I don't think we're prepared.

00:00:24.088 --> 00:00:26.019
And we're the History of Buffoons, otherwise known as I Don't Think and I'm Bradley, I don't think we're prepared.

00:00:25.958 --> 00:00:26.280
And we're the History of Muffoons.

00:00:26.219 --> 00:00:28.507
That's right, Otherwise known as I don't think we're prepared.

00:00:28.899 --> 00:00:34.430
No, I'm prepared, because I have a drink and I have my story and I have my headphones on and I've got a microphone in front of me.

00:00:34.430 --> 00:00:35.979
What do you have in front of you?

00:00:35.979 --> 00:00:46.939
A microphone in front of me, and all the cats are put up, except for Penny, because Penny's not not.

00:00:46.960 --> 00:00:47.822
No, she does not get tricked into treats.

00:00:47.841 --> 00:00:49.304
We have literally said that, like, I think, on the last episode or two.

00:00:49.344 --> 00:00:56.889
My apologies, she was out, so if any one of your five cats are going to be out, it's penny okay she's pretty great, she is okay.

00:00:56.889 --> 00:00:58.432
So tell us what you're.

00:00:58.432 --> 00:01:08.134
I mean, I'm still not for this, but tell everybody what you are going to try again.

00:01:08.894 --> 00:01:11.968
Okay, so a couple episodes ago I had a carbless.

00:01:12.400 --> 00:01:13.424
And do you remember the flavor?

00:01:13.500 --> 00:01:15.560
There was a strawberry margarita it was strawberry margarita.

00:01:15.739 --> 00:01:19.331
Otherwise known as alcohol cleaner.

00:01:19.659 --> 00:01:21.165
Yeah, it was Windex.

00:01:21.186 --> 00:01:25.525
Yeah, and we're back.

00:01:25.525 --> 00:01:27.987
Sorry about the technical difficulties there.

00:01:27.987 --> 00:01:39.156
We didn't really think about this plug that needed to be on, because we plug in our little PodTrack recorder and it powers off the wall and the plug wasn't on and my battery backup died.

00:01:39.801 --> 00:01:41.888
We're like what the hell just happened.

00:01:42.281 --> 00:01:45.501
Because I'm like did this thing just take a shit like what the hell just happened?

00:01:45.501 --> 00:01:46.825
Because I'm like did this thing.

00:01:46.844 --> 00:01:47.245
Just take a shit.

00:01:47.245 --> 00:01:47.445
I have to.

00:01:47.445 --> 00:02:07.653
Everybody is waiting on bated breath to hear about my carbless al is not waiting on bated breath or with bated breath everybody yes, no, al is okay so so anyways, I had the strawberry cleaner kind so my friend who told me to try Carbless.

00:02:07.653 --> 00:02:09.175
I told her what my situation was.

00:02:09.300 --> 00:02:10.776
And she's like oh, no, no, no, no, no.

00:02:10.858 --> 00:02:10.979
Yeah.

00:02:10.979 --> 00:02:12.507
She's like no, that's the worst one.

00:02:12.507 --> 00:02:17.360
I was like well, now you tell me and she goes, you need to try the original.

00:02:17.360 --> 00:02:21.532
I was like okay, so I have the original.

00:02:21.532 --> 00:02:26.850
It is Carbless tequila cocktail in regular margarita flavor.

00:02:27.312 --> 00:02:33.189
Do you find it funny Because I know they have multiple flavors that you happen to pick the one shittiest one, apparently?

00:02:33.189 --> 00:02:35.193
I mean I'm just that skilled.

00:02:35.193 --> 00:02:38.389
Well, if anyone was going to do that, it would be you.

00:02:38.569 --> 00:02:42.209
Yeah, so I'm hoping that this is going to be a redeeming beverage.

00:02:42.550 --> 00:02:51.790
And okay, let the listener know know I have a backup beer called modelo just in case just in case this one goes awry.

00:02:51.790 --> 00:02:59.551
Yes, um, so I have a brand new sierra nevada that I've never seen before until well today.

00:02:59.551 --> 00:03:07.026
So the new sierra nevada that apparently recently came out as a hop tropical IPA, very vibrant, can.

00:03:07.659 --> 00:03:12.447
And it makes me feel like summer should be right around the corner, and yet it's about to snow.

00:03:13.300 --> 00:03:16.008
Yeah, like another four to six inches, maybe more.

00:03:16.789 --> 00:03:19.337
Okay, cheers to hopefully a good.

00:03:19.337 --> 00:03:23.705
Oh wow, she's not waiting for me at all I'm waiting to see this.

00:03:23.705 --> 00:03:34.104
Okay, waiting for me at all, I'm waiting to see this.

00:03:34.183 --> 00:03:35.627
Okay, the margarita flavor is 90 better, but the back end.

00:03:35.627 --> 00:03:36.969
So do you know what 90 times zero means?

00:03:36.969 --> 00:03:38.673
Because that's what the score of the last one was.

00:03:38.673 --> 00:03:39.681
It's still a zero.

00:03:39.681 --> 00:03:44.993
This one is better, okay, good, yeah it's better might as well get that modella ready.

00:03:44.993 --> 00:03:47.965
Oh, what's that okay?

00:03:48.605 --> 00:03:54.314
okay, so it's got zero carbs, zero sugars hence the name carbless yeah and uh.

00:03:54.580 --> 00:04:03.284
Fake sugar makes me kind of twinge yeah, I just witnessed that from across the room, so all right, well, since she couldn't wait for me, I'm going to try my beer now.

00:04:03.305 --> 00:04:07.911
Yes, tell me how this lovely tropical beverage is.

00:04:08.271 --> 00:04:08.913
Ooh, that's good.

00:04:08.913 --> 00:04:11.455
Yeah, that's really good.

00:04:12.320 --> 00:04:14.730
He's not even going to describe it, he's just going to keep drinking.

00:04:15.140 --> 00:04:15.802
No, it's got a nice.

00:04:15.802 --> 00:04:27.062
It's not like a hazy, it's got a nice juicy back end to it Because obviously I like their Torpedoes my favorite All back end to it.

00:04:27.062 --> 00:04:29.668
It's because obviously, like I like their torpedoes, my favorite all year round beer celebration is my favorite winter one.

00:04:29.668 --> 00:04:30.428
But um, no, it's really good.

00:04:30.428 --> 00:04:32.500
It's got a nice juicy flavor to it.

00:04:32.500 --> 00:04:37.730
Cool, good thing I brought a backup so I have a question for you.

00:04:37.911 --> 00:04:39.014
What's your question for me?

00:04:39.014 --> 00:04:42.247
Have you ever been dna tested?

00:04:43.168 --> 00:04:45.093
no, because that's mine, not everyone else's.

00:04:45.399 --> 00:04:47.086
So you wouldn't do like the 23andMe.

00:04:47.086 --> 00:04:47.689
Oh fuck, no.

00:04:47.939 --> 00:04:50.305
I don't need to be in some database in some country.

00:04:50.305 --> 00:04:51.428
No, have you.

00:04:52.029 --> 00:04:52.572
I have not.

00:04:52.572 --> 00:04:56.992
No, but I have been genetically profiled.

00:04:58.201 --> 00:05:02.471
And did they just cry when they saw the results or laugh Not that I saw.

00:05:02.471 --> 00:05:05.742
Okay, they did it in a different room then, yeah, exactly.

00:05:05.824 --> 00:05:09.845
So I got all the um, the feedback on over the phone.

00:05:09.845 --> 00:05:13.072
So, um, if they cried it was before they talked to me.

00:05:13.072 --> 00:05:18.791
But it was just a test to see if I had a genetic marker for breast cancer.

00:05:18.831 --> 00:05:19.720
Yeah, you had told me that.

00:05:19.720 --> 00:05:27.392
Yeah, I was obviously joking, but um, no, I I don't think I would ever do one of those tests.

00:05:29.680 --> 00:05:33.168
I mean, you have to admit it is a little intriguing.

00:05:34.451 --> 00:05:37.565
Oh yeah, that's the word I was going for, intriguing, not sketchy, my bad.

00:05:37.565 --> 00:05:52.793
The problem I have with that is your DNA makeup is in some database somewhere and when AI takes over, they're gonna start making robot kates and they're gonna come and kill you or are they gonna go to work for me?

00:05:52.793 --> 00:05:54.807
No, because you don't own them.

00:05:54.827 --> 00:06:09.406
They're gonna they're gonna take your job and you're gonna be unemployed caught like really bad killers that way, because of these, because of people putting in their 23andme dna explain um the golden state killer.

00:06:10.468 --> 00:06:35.812
They, they found the golden state killer because he did a 23andme test no, because someone in his like generational line did it oh, okay and they narrowed down like a bunch of people and they, they got to him I really don't want to know if I'm related to a fucking serial killer or anything like that it's not that you would know, the police would know how to get to the serial killer, because the profile is in there but that's my point.

00:06:36.843 --> 00:06:38.687
They're going to use that without my knowledge.

00:06:38.687 --> 00:06:43.100
It's like no, that's that's no, fuck you, no, I'm good.

00:06:43.100 --> 00:06:48.920
The only serial killer I want to know is one that kills like fruit loops or something.

00:06:48.920 --> 00:06:50.564
Fruit loops yeah, that's a cereal.

00:06:51.668 --> 00:06:53.632
Oh, geez, there you go give me a second.

00:06:53.632 --> 00:06:54.714
My bad, okay.

00:06:54.714 --> 00:07:01.269
So we're gonna talk about a gene like eugene uh, g-e-n-e so kind of.

00:07:01.449 --> 00:07:02.610
I mean, yeah, I know what Eugene wants.

00:07:02.610 --> 00:07:03.771
I mean we could call it Eugene.

00:07:03.791 --> 00:07:06.636
Yeah, but it's actually called Delta 32.

00:07:07.680 --> 00:07:09.367
Like okay.

00:07:10.420 --> 00:07:14.846
Like Delta Force or Delta Burke, delta Burke.

00:07:15.839 --> 00:07:17.326
Are we watching some Designing Women later?

00:07:17.740 --> 00:07:23.129
I love that you know that reference Such a great show oh man, it really is, that's funny.

00:07:23.129 --> 00:07:27.009
So picture this the Middle Ages.

00:07:27.420 --> 00:07:28.384
I like that time frame.

00:07:28.384 --> 00:07:29.447
I know you do.

00:07:29.447 --> 00:07:30.605
I'm a big fan actually.

00:07:30.605 --> 00:07:32.427
I'm going to cheers the Middle Ages.

00:07:33.560 --> 00:07:34.466
The Middle Ages.

00:07:34.800 --> 00:07:36.586
I just want an excuse to sip my beer.

00:07:36.605 --> 00:07:39.218
The Middle Ages, yeah, okay, so cheers to that.

00:07:39.461 --> 00:07:40.745
I'm in my Middle Ages.

00:07:41.829 --> 00:07:49.543
I know, I tell middle ages, I know, I tell everybody that.

00:07:49.543 --> 00:07:50.084
So there is a disease?

00:07:50.084 --> 00:07:50.545
Yeah, there is.

00:07:50.545 --> 00:07:51.567
Oh god, I need a medillo.

00:07:51.567 --> 00:07:53.810
Oh see it's, it's the fake sugar, it's the fake sugar.

00:07:53.850 --> 00:07:54.151
I can't, don't.

00:07:54.151 --> 00:07:57.223
You don't have to like, give it a reason, it just sucks.

00:07:57.444 --> 00:07:59.870
You don't like it no, it's just the fake sugar.

00:07:59.870 --> 00:08:00.411
I don't like.

00:08:00.552 --> 00:08:02.423
Who tried to talk you out of that again?

00:08:02.423 --> 00:08:07.634
Who tried to talk you out the first time and the second time I was trying to redeem myself.

00:08:07.634 --> 00:08:09.204
No, not yourself.

00:08:09.204 --> 00:08:13.612
You were just trying to be nice to your friend who suggested it and be like okay, I'll give it another shot.

00:08:13.612 --> 00:08:18.184
It's just not for you, it's really not for me, so just let it go.

00:08:18.184 --> 00:08:23.406
Let it go, ah, modelo, unlike Rose, you'll let it go.

00:08:24.629 --> 00:08:24.891
Okay.

00:08:28.380 --> 00:08:31.026
Even, ah, matello, unlike rose, you'll let it go, okay even though she didn't do the same.

00:08:31.045 --> 00:08:33.870
There is a disease, yes, in the middle ages, called delta 32.

00:08:33.870 --> 00:08:34.231
No, that's a gene.

00:08:34.251 --> 00:08:38.989
The disease is the black death yes, is that's not also known as the bubonic plague?

00:08:38.989 --> 00:08:40.355
Those are two different things, correct?

00:08:40.436 --> 00:08:49.407
I will get to that but great question yeah okay, because I always mix that up yes, that is a great question and I do um reference that at the very end.

00:08:49.407 --> 00:08:49.648
Excellent.

00:08:49.648 --> 00:09:00.407
So the black death they do call it a plague, so um it tore through europe and asia in the 1300s, 1300s yes so it started in europe.

00:09:00.407 --> 00:09:09.514
Europe in 1347 october, if you will yeah, if you will 12 ships hold on, hold on.

00:09:11.615 --> 00:09:28.273
I think one of these days I'm gonna go through all of our files and I'm just gonna make a burp track I'm gonna stop you right there and say no all right, sorry, continue it's, it's the bubbles, the bubbles, my bubbles.

00:09:28.553 --> 00:09:31.668
Yeah, at least it's coming out of that end and not the other end.

00:09:31.668 --> 00:09:58.029
Oh, thank god yeah, okay, moving on, might have to turn the fan on 12 ships sail into messina, sicily okay from the black sea okay and when people like go to meet the ships, they are in complete shock because most of the sailors are dead, yeah, and the survivors are super, super sick and they are covered in these nasty, oozing black boils.

00:09:58.350 --> 00:09:58.912
Oh gross.

00:09:59.192 --> 00:10:01.964
Yeah, so I'm a pimple popper Like.

00:10:01.964 --> 00:10:04.022
This sounds disgusting and I like.

00:10:04.022 --> 00:10:06.932
I like abscesses and lymphomas.

00:10:08.863 --> 00:10:11.410
This is a bit worse.

00:10:12.221 --> 00:10:13.748
This is a lot worse, yeah.

00:10:14.120 --> 00:10:16.087
This is not just popping a pimple.

00:10:16.087 --> 00:10:18.066
Ooh, you got a pimple on your cheek.

00:10:18.066 --> 00:10:18.847
Let me get that for you.

00:10:19.921 --> 00:10:23.909
So the officials in Sicily, understandably, are freaked out.

00:10:23.909 --> 00:10:27.870
Understandably yes and they tell the ship sayonara you got to get out of here.

00:10:27.940 --> 00:10:29.024
Yeah, go back to sea.

00:10:29.225 --> 00:10:29.807
It's too late.

00:10:29.807 --> 00:10:32.764
You see, Over the next five years.

00:10:32.764 --> 00:10:37.753
The Black Death kills over 20 million Europeans.

00:10:37.753 --> 00:10:38.594
Isn't that wild?

00:10:38.594 --> 00:10:41.287
That's a third of the whole continent.

00:10:42.070 --> 00:10:46.167
Wow, so there's roughly 60 million population.

00:10:46.167 --> 00:10:48.972
That took out 20 million.

00:10:49.173 --> 00:10:57.361
Yes, holy fuck yes, so even before those ships showed up in messina, people in europe had actually heard of rumors.

00:10:57.361 --> 00:11:04.942
They called it the great pestilence yep, I've heard that um, and it killed tons of people along trade routes in Middle East and Asia.

00:11:04.942 --> 00:11:13.087
Sure, so it turns out the disease had already hit China, india, persia, syria, egypt in early 1340s.

00:11:13.107 --> 00:11:13.229
Okay.

00:11:13.269 --> 00:11:15.769
And so the ships came in 1347.

00:11:15.789 --> 00:11:15.890
Sure.

00:11:15.910 --> 00:11:24.716
Okay, so people think that the Black Plague started way back over, like 2000 years ago in Asia and probably like traveled along these trade routes.

00:11:25.158 --> 00:11:25.437
Okay.

00:11:25.900 --> 00:11:38.589
Um, but some newer research suggests that it actually might have been as far away as 3000 BC that this plague came into route 3000 BC, holy shit.

00:11:38.589 --> 00:11:38.889
Yeah.

00:11:39.440 --> 00:11:42.682
So this thing's potentially been around for 4,500 plus years at that time?

00:11:42.682 --> 00:11:45.225
Yes, wow, potentially been around for 4,500 plus years at that time, yes, wow.

00:11:45.245 --> 00:11:56.897
So pretty soon after hitting Messina, the Black Death jumped to Marseille in France, of course, tunis in North Africa, and then it spread to big trade hubs like Rome and Florence.

00:11:59.347 --> 00:11:59.730
Yeah.

00:12:00.280 --> 00:12:04.652
Yes, by mid-1348, Paris Bordeaux.

00:12:06.659 --> 00:12:10.163
Hey, that's my nickname, Isn't it Bordeaux?

00:12:10.864 --> 00:12:11.804
Sure Bordeaux.

00:12:11.804 --> 00:12:12.765
Yeah, that's right.

00:12:12.765 --> 00:12:14.147
Good on you.

00:12:14.628 --> 00:12:15.388
Good on me.

00:12:15.508 --> 00:12:19.272
Paris, bordeaux, lyon and London are all infected.

00:12:19.272 --> 00:12:24.417
Right, okay, so the plague spreads through the air person to person.

00:12:29.100 --> 00:12:30.567
They also get bites through insects like fleas on rats.

00:12:30.587 --> 00:12:35.245
essentially, I would imagine a mosquito sucks your blood and then could pass it or whatever, but this one is specifically fleas.

00:12:35.447 --> 00:12:35.807
Oh really.

00:12:35.827 --> 00:12:36.669
Yeah, on rats.

00:12:37.120 --> 00:12:43.240
And like where the oh, so it could be transported by rats, Because wasn't that how the bubonic plague was spread?

00:12:43.860 --> 00:12:45.428
Yes, but these were fleas on rats.

00:12:45.428 --> 00:12:46.715
No, I get that.

00:12:46.715 --> 00:12:50.620
I get that, yeah, yeah, yeah, I'm just saying that the bubonic plague was rats basically.

00:12:50.620 --> 00:12:58.313
Okay so these pests were everywhere in medieval Europe and they loved ships for some reason who doesn't?

00:12:58.313 --> 00:13:02.671
But that's how the plague traveled so easily from European port to port.

00:13:02.671 --> 00:13:08.466
Okay, so the Black Death didn like so easily from european port to port.

00:13:08.466 --> 00:13:11.056
Okay, so the black death death didn't just disappear after that first wave in the 1300s.

00:13:11.056 --> 00:13:13.543
It actually stuck around europe like a bad fucking dream yep um.

00:13:13.625 --> 00:13:22.092
It would pop up in outbreaks every so often for centuries, and the plague kept coming back in waves, though nothing as bad as like that initial pandemic.

00:13:22.092 --> 00:13:30.596
So these outbreaks happened throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, sometimes just hitting local areas and sometimes spreading wider right um.

00:13:30.596 --> 00:13:50.633
So, while still serious, the later outbreaks weren't nearly as deadly as like the original black death right so, and it's possible that some of these people had more immunity to it, or maybe things just changed a bit like it mutated a little bit mutated or hygiene change, something like that they brushed their teeth, something, I don't know.

00:13:50.759 --> 00:14:03.793
Yeah, anyways uh, so now we're gonna fast forward to the end of 1664 that's a good year you were there there is a beer called cronenberg 1664 yeah I think I have that right.

00:14:04.072 --> 00:14:05.437
I could be wrong is that a place?

00:14:05.437 --> 00:14:06.740
Probably.

00:14:06.740 --> 00:14:09.184
Yeah, it is.

00:14:10.147 --> 00:14:18.067
Anyways, I was there so at the end of 1664, a comet flies across the night sky and london.

00:14:18.067 --> 00:14:19.913
Londoners think this is a bad omen.

00:14:19.913 --> 00:14:22.201
They're they're all freaking out because they're like what's coming?

00:14:22.383 --> 00:14:25.390
is that kind of like in in Game of Thrones, when that red comet was flying over.

00:14:25.390 --> 00:14:26.504
They're like ooh, dragons are back.

00:14:26.504 --> 00:14:28.048
Do you remember that?

00:14:28.139 --> 00:14:29.866
I mean who has a red comet?

00:14:30.440 --> 00:14:31.785
I mean Game of Thrones.

00:14:33.201 --> 00:14:34.567
So London at this time.

00:14:34.779 --> 00:14:35.845
That was a great interaction.

00:14:36.066 --> 00:14:36.326
London.

00:14:36.326 --> 00:14:39.721
I give it all it was needed.

00:14:40.621 --> 00:14:41.243
Which was nothing.

00:14:41.543 --> 00:14:43.485
Exactly so.

00:14:43.485 --> 00:14:47.028
At this time, London was only about 448 acres.

00:14:47.888 --> 00:14:48.708
Oh, what Okay?

00:14:48.928 --> 00:14:55.375
Yeah, and it was surrounded by a wall, originally built for defense, so on, like three quarters of this it's a wall.

00:14:55.375 --> 00:14:57.817
On the other side it's the Thames River, right, okay.

00:14:57.817 --> 00:15:06.749
So to get in and out, there are one, two, three, four, five, six, six, seven gates.

00:15:06.749 --> 00:15:08.336
I held up eight fingers.

00:15:12.048 --> 00:15:25.129
There are seven gates and the fact that you even counted them out in your hands was even better, and the fact that you got it wrong was even exponentially better than that okay, so seven gates, and then there's also the London Bridge across the Thames.

00:15:25.129 --> 00:15:26.272
Did it fall down?

00:15:33.947 --> 00:15:40.514
So poorer areas of London were super cramped, tiny apartments all jammed together.

00:15:40.514 --> 00:15:42.845
Cheap side Pretty much.

00:15:42.845 --> 00:15:45.893
I mean that's what they call it a lot.

00:15:46.559 --> 00:15:50.729
There was no cleanliness, no sanitation so can I ask a question real quick?

00:15:50.729 --> 00:15:53.462
If there was no cleanliness, was there not godliness either?

00:15:53.462 --> 00:15:56.693
Probably not, no fuck I know christians.

00:15:56.734 --> 00:16:07.075
I tell you another burp coming so there are open sewers running right down the middle of these roads.

00:16:07.075 --> 00:16:14.114
Cobblestones are disgusting, covered in animal excrement trash, whatever people threw out their windows.

00:16:14.114 --> 00:16:20.270
Muddy fly covered in the summer and straight up sewage in the winter.

00:16:20.270 --> 00:16:21.293
That sounds terrible.

00:16:21.293 --> 00:16:23.344
And they had these people.

00:16:23.344 --> 00:16:25.831
That would clean up a bit throughout town.

00:16:26.032 --> 00:16:26.251
Right.

00:16:27.302 --> 00:16:32.571
But people pretty much just dumped whatever they could out the windows Right and were all rotted and piled up.

00:16:32.953 --> 00:16:37.950
Can I say something real quick Because, before I forget it, for the last Origin of Weird, you did Pure Finders.

00:16:37.950 --> 00:16:42.051
I sure did, and I mentioned that truck that I saw with the service.

00:16:42.051 --> 00:16:44.182
Yeah, I saw it again today.

00:16:44.182 --> 00:16:51.687
Yeah, the service is called Duty Calls, spelled D-O-O-D-Y Nice Anyways.

00:16:53.639 --> 00:16:57.225
So the sewage and everything in the streets stunk so bad that everybody was walking around with handkerchiefs over their noses.

00:16:57.225 --> 00:17:06.108
Yeah, so coal and other trade necessities came into London on barges, but mostly arrived by road.

00:17:06.108 --> 00:17:18.172
So if you can imagine these seven gates, carts, carriages, horses, people all crammed together and and these gates created like a bottleneck.

00:17:18.373 --> 00:17:18.714
Okay.

00:17:19.480 --> 00:17:23.871
And London bridge hadn't like 19 arches, and that was even worse for travelers.

00:17:23.871 --> 00:17:24.894
Sure, yeah.

00:17:24.894 --> 00:17:33.171
I bet rich people would hire hackney carriages, which were like hired carriages they were taxis, if you will sure.

00:17:33.171 --> 00:17:36.324
And then they would also use sedan chairs.

00:17:36.324 --> 00:17:38.048
Do you know what a sedan chair is?

00:17:38.048 --> 00:17:44.371
I don't it's one of those like wheelist chairs that people are actually like holding up while you're sitting on it.

00:17:44.490 --> 00:17:54.344
Oh, that's what they're called yeah, sedan chairs oh, because I think they had another, at least like an older times name, but okay, I didn't know they were called that yeah, so people would use those to avoid the mess.

00:17:54.384 --> 00:18:23.786
Of course, the people walking walking through are getting splashed with who knows what yeah, but they were probably low lowest of the low yeah and paid pittance to do it yeah, which is unfortunate and then there was air pollution going on um factories, breweries, iron smelters, um homes burning coal, thick black smoke, hard to breathe, right yeah, outside these walls were unplanned little shanty towns right, because there was nowhere to live in town.

00:18:23.786 --> 00:18:28.953
Yeah, exactly so craftsmen and workers had to make do with what they had.

00:18:29.013 --> 00:18:29.394
Exactly.

00:18:30.540 --> 00:18:36.680
So the first cases of the plague appeared in the spring of 1665.

00:18:36.680 --> 00:18:38.973
So the comet was at the end of 64.

00:18:38.993 --> 00:18:39.880
Right right right.

00:18:40.740 --> 00:18:45.561
The plague was obviously devastating, right, the plague was obviously devastating, right.

00:18:45.561 --> 00:18:53.665
It estimated that between 100,000 and 150,000 people died Jesus, which is about one fifth of London's population.

00:18:53.665 --> 00:18:54.786
Wow, really yeah.

00:18:55.385 --> 00:18:55.986
That's crazy.

00:18:56.446 --> 00:19:05.530
It spread so fast that it peaked in summer of 1665, when over 7,000 people died in one week.

00:19:05.530 --> 00:19:06.810
Holy crap.

00:19:07.030 --> 00:19:08.471
Yeah, that's 1,000 a day.

00:19:08.471 --> 00:19:10.173
Yeah, jesus Christ.

00:19:10.173 --> 00:19:11.833
Yeah, that's a lot of people.

00:19:11.833 --> 00:19:12.834
That's a lot of people.

00:19:12.834 --> 00:19:14.193
That's sad.

00:19:14.894 --> 00:19:21.136
So to try to come up with a way to stop the spread, they came up with this quarantine idea.

00:19:21.136 --> 00:19:24.739
Okay, if you know, you know Pretty much everybody knows.

00:19:26.420 --> 00:19:28.806
I don't 't, yeah, you do no, I don't you never quarantined during covid?

00:19:28.806 --> 00:19:31.972
No weirdo, I was an essential worker.

00:19:31.972 --> 00:19:37.351
I had to sell my people had to be, I needed beer yeah, yeah, you do.

00:19:37.351 --> 00:19:40.983
You don't need a carbos, you need a beer, okay.

00:19:41.003 --> 00:19:49.207
so basically you and your whole family got locked up in your house for 40 days 40 days and 40 nights.

00:19:49.207 --> 00:19:54.092
Guards made sure nobody escaped with padlocks and all that's crazy.

00:19:54.092 --> 00:20:04.432
Nurses would come in if you needed them to take care of, you bring supplies, but this literally meant sick people and healthy people in the same family were stuck together.

00:20:04.432 --> 00:20:04.932
Yeah, which?

00:20:04.972 --> 00:20:12.479
makes no sense yes, death sentence right literally did they have the plague doctor masks in this time?

00:20:12.479 --> 00:20:19.393
Frame they did yeah, I thought so because which were all they did was nothing besides the smell.

00:20:19.393 --> 00:20:24.731
Yeah, it's just wild that they I still love that xavier went for that as Halloween last year.

00:20:24.751 --> 00:20:25.313
Yeah, that's funny.

00:20:25.313 --> 00:20:29.611
So what actually happened to these families locked up in their homes?

00:20:29.611 --> 00:20:40.234
Plague historian Justin Champion dug through London archives and found clues that suggested people did survive from these quarantine homes.

00:20:40.681 --> 00:20:42.146
I would imagine at least some did.

00:20:42.580 --> 00:20:43.505
Why would you think that?

00:20:43.740 --> 00:20:54.853
Because I mean different people react to different things with immunity and so on, whereas, like you know, nathan has a more compromised immune system than you or me even.

00:20:54.853 --> 00:20:59.329
Yeah yeah, so like something might affect him more than what would affect you or me or harsher?

00:20:59.351 --> 00:20:59.932
yeah, Right.

00:21:00.339 --> 00:21:05.051
So clearly that's going to still be the case, even with the Black Death Right, you know.

00:21:05.271 --> 00:21:14.974
Yeah, so this historian compared plague records with burial records to see how many people in each household actually died from the plague.

00:21:14.974 --> 00:21:26.454
Sure, and he discovered pockets where people seemed to have actually fought off the disease.

00:21:26.454 --> 00:21:35.474
Okay, so the interesting thing that he found was that more people caught the plague than actually died from the plague.

00:21:36.060 --> 00:21:39.171
And they caught it because they were contained with other people with the plague.

00:21:39.440 --> 00:21:40.384
But they didn't die.

00:21:40.505 --> 00:21:40.726
Right.

00:21:40.885 --> 00:21:41.086
Yes.

00:21:41.086 --> 00:22:04.714
So to figure out why some of these people survived, okay, a scientist by the name of stephen o'brien needed a place that had been hit by the plague and where there were records of people surviving quarantine okay and he found that in the village called eemam it's spelled E-Y-A-M.

00:22:04.714 --> 00:22:09.028
Okay, and it's in Derbyshire, oh yeah.

00:22:09.028 --> 00:22:10.231
Derbyshire, derbyshire.

00:22:11.382 --> 00:22:11.781
I don't know.

00:22:13.185 --> 00:22:15.210
It's in Pride and Prejudice Is it really.

00:22:15.210 --> 00:22:16.332
Derbyshire yeah.

00:22:16.752 --> 00:22:16.854
Oh.

00:22:17.501 --> 00:22:19.675
So Eam's story was really unusual.

00:22:19.675 --> 00:22:21.846
Okay, and it was perfect for O'Brien.

00:22:21.846 --> 00:22:27.385
So it was perfect for O'Brien.

00:22:27.385 --> 00:22:28.776
So it was tucked away, far from like England's main trade routes.

00:22:28.776 --> 00:22:36.531
It was out in the country and Eam probably would have avoided the plague altogether if it hadn't been for one package in the mail.

00:22:36.531 --> 00:22:44.577
Seriously, yes, in summer 1660, nope, september 1665.

00:22:44.577 --> 00:22:47.608
Good month, the plague was raging again in London.

00:22:47.608 --> 00:22:48.923
That was the week.

00:22:48.923 --> 00:22:52.391
September was the month where 7,000 died in a week.

00:22:52.391 --> 00:22:56.647
Wow, a package arrived in Eme for the village tailor.

00:22:57.109 --> 00:22:57.811
Ah, fucking tailor.

00:22:58.820 --> 00:23:05.186
And it contained cloth from a London warehouse and the tailor hung up for some reason.

00:23:05.186 --> 00:23:20.226
It was a little damp so he hung it up to dry probably because it was soaked in plague so he probably like, shook out the cloth and in it the plague carrying fleas, oh dear.

00:23:20.226 --> 00:23:31.105
So little red marks appeared on his hands and he didn't realize, and really nobody did in Eem, that these marks were the plague, and he did die soon after.

00:23:31.601 --> 00:23:39.968
I would imagine that they knew what was at least going on elsewhere, though right, maybe not how it presented, but yes, they knew there was an issue elsewhere.

00:23:40.299 --> 00:23:43.421
But they knew that the plague finally reached their town Right right right, right.

00:23:43.421 --> 00:23:50.753
So, based on the orders from the rector, which is a clergyman, they issued a quarantine.

00:23:50.753 --> 00:24:00.613
Sure, so a nearby town, so like the whole town is under quarantine, yeah, yeah, so a nearby town would actually deliver food in an isolated field, like next to a boulder.

00:24:01.361 --> 00:24:06.742
And then they would have a certain time they dropped it off and then an hour later they'd go pick it up, kind of thing.

00:24:06.762 --> 00:24:21.650
Yeah, and on this boulder would be coins for the people who were delivering the food, and the villagers of eem would like wash these coins in vinegar so as not to spread right spread the plague and then they would.

00:24:21.650 --> 00:24:23.741
That's how they would pay so vinegar.

00:24:24.123 --> 00:24:26.747
All they needed to do is just soak themselves in vinegar.

00:24:27.048 --> 00:24:44.352
Yep, I mean, that seems kind of basic well, there wasn't a whole lot of sanitation going on, so that's what they had no, I mean, hygiene isn't what it is today, obviously, so yeah so the village of eam stayed in quarantine for a whole year.

00:24:44.732 --> 00:24:45.453
Holy crap.

00:24:45.619 --> 00:24:49.290
Before anyone stepped foot inside the town.

00:24:49.619 --> 00:24:51.788
Like from outside of Eam, from outside, yeah, okay.

00:24:52.460 --> 00:24:53.826
And they were met by survivors.

00:24:53.826 --> 00:25:00.708
Well, yeah, of course, 433 people survived.

00:25:00.949 --> 00:25:01.590
Out of how many?

00:25:01.590 --> 00:25:04.565
Please tell me that was part of your research.

00:25:05.067 --> 00:25:07.267
A lot more than 433 people.

00:25:08.542 --> 00:25:12.643
Well, if there was only 434 people in 433.

00:25:12.663 --> 00:25:13.125
That's amazing.

00:25:13.346 --> 00:25:14.925
I mean, that's pretty good fucking odds.

00:25:14.925 --> 00:25:16.689
Do you not have that number?

00:25:16.689 --> 00:25:20.128
No, bradley strikes again.

00:25:24.040 --> 00:25:29.192
So they were wondering if the village had even actually been hit by the plague at all.

00:25:29.259 --> 00:25:30.747
Well, clearly, because they need a new tailor.

00:25:30.980 --> 00:25:32.425
Too many survivors.

00:25:32.886 --> 00:25:33.107
Right.

00:25:34.121 --> 00:25:37.165
So the idea was that maybe it wasn't the plague but anthrax.

00:25:38.067 --> 00:25:38.669
Like the band.

00:25:38.669 --> 00:25:40.010
Did you ever hear them?

00:25:40.010 --> 00:25:42.234
They're pretty good, scott.

00:25:42.275 --> 00:25:45.929
Ian Anthrax had some similar symptoms.

00:25:45.929 --> 00:25:48.757
Okay, and it can be spread from animals to people.

00:25:48.958 --> 00:25:49.119
Right.

00:25:49.580 --> 00:25:55.252
But anthrax is rarely fatal in humans but it is deadly in sheep and cows.

00:25:55.861 --> 00:25:56.584
How about goats?

00:25:57.989 --> 00:25:58.209
Sure.

00:25:58.209 --> 00:26:05.631
So if it was anthrax, their livestock would have been wiped out.

00:26:05.851 --> 00:26:06.291
Oh sure.

00:26:06.539 --> 00:26:09.327
So historians checked the villagers' wills.

00:26:10.090 --> 00:26:10.371
Okay.

00:26:10.579 --> 00:26:15.712
So instructions basically on what to do with their stuff after they died including livestock, makes sense.

00:26:15.712 --> 00:26:21.133
The number of livestock mentioned before and after the plague was pretty much the same.

00:26:21.153 --> 00:26:21.432
So not anthrax.

00:26:21.432 --> 00:26:23.198
So it's not anthrax, it was the plague was pretty much the same, so not anthrax.

00:26:23.218 --> 00:26:24.180
So it's not anthrax, it was the plague.

00:26:24.380 --> 00:26:25.325
I didn't realize anthrax.

00:26:25.325 --> 00:26:30.508
I mean, I don't know when anthrax came about, but I didn't realize it's that old, even to be honest.

00:26:30.508 --> 00:26:31.211
Okay.

00:26:31.800 --> 00:26:41.701
So one possible reason Eam had so many survivors could have been that they were so isolated and not crammed into London Sure.

00:26:41.701 --> 00:26:51.625
Another possibility was their social class being a role, but even so, with quarantine the village probably would have been wiped out.

00:26:51.685 --> 00:26:54.146
How far away from London was Eme again, do you?

00:26:54.186 --> 00:26:56.067
remember Several hundred miles.

00:26:56.067 --> 00:26:56.948
It was a ways away.

00:26:56.948 --> 00:26:58.729
It's a ways away, yeah you have to look back.

00:26:58.788 --> 00:26:59.588
Yeah, several hundred miles, okay yeah.

00:26:59.588 --> 00:27:00.130
So there are a couple.

00:27:00.130 --> 00:27:02.170
Look back yeah, it's several hundred miles, okay yeah.

00:27:03.070 --> 00:27:06.211
So there are a couple stories coming out of this town.

00:27:06.211 --> 00:27:09.094
One is from Elizabeth Hancock.

00:27:09.094 --> 00:27:20.578
Her family lived at the edge of the village and avoided the plague for a while, but then, in August of 1666, her youngest son, john, got sick.

00:27:20.578 --> 00:27:26.625
Okay, right after this his sister Alice did as well.

00:27:26.625 --> 00:27:28.906
Oh boy, elizabeth took care of them.

00:27:28.906 --> 00:27:35.534
They both died and over a week Elizabeth buried six of her children and her husband.

00:27:35.874 --> 00:27:37.756
Oh, so Jesus Christ.

00:27:37.756 --> 00:27:39.436
So how many children did they have if she buried?

00:27:39.636 --> 00:27:40.718
six of them, all six.

00:27:40.919 --> 00:27:42.380
Oh, all six of them and her husband.

00:27:42.380 --> 00:27:45.589
So she's now a widow and not a mother.

00:27:45.779 --> 00:27:50.046
But Elizabeth never got the plague See, like that's wild.

00:27:50.500 --> 00:27:54.627
And she was constantly exposed, and it has to do with this gene that you brought up earlier.

00:27:54.728 --> 00:27:55.309
Potentially.

00:27:55.701 --> 00:27:56.766
Oh, stay tuned.

00:27:58.760 --> 00:28:02.307
And if you ever go visit Eam, their graves are still on the hillside.

00:28:02.326 --> 00:28:03.950
I'm pretty sure I'm never going to be there.

00:28:04.672 --> 00:28:05.333
Let's make a trip.

00:28:05.593 --> 00:28:06.074
I'd love to.

00:28:06.921 --> 00:28:08.307
Let's take the gang and let's go.

00:28:08.539 --> 00:28:14.367
Let's go on the Black Plague tour so another story is Margaret Blackwell.

00:28:14.367 --> 00:28:15.471
Oh, Margaret, yeah.

00:28:16.079 --> 00:28:18.607
So near the end of her illness, so she contracted it.

00:28:18.607 --> 00:28:27.005
And then, near the end of her illness, she was completely delirious, super thirsty and completely out of it.

00:28:27.005 --> 00:28:34.003
She stumbles into the kitchen, grabs a jug, thinking it was milk and started like chugging it.

00:28:34.003 --> 00:28:35.046
But it was bacon fat.

00:28:35.046 --> 00:28:40.875
Oh geez, somehow she survives, she gets better.

00:28:40.875 --> 00:28:41.661
That's impressive.

00:28:42.060 --> 00:28:42.442
So there.

00:28:42.942 --> 00:28:44.503
People are like it's bacon fat.

00:28:44.523 --> 00:28:45.104
Bacon fat.

00:28:45.104 --> 00:28:47.926
Here's the black death plague, whatever.

00:28:48.067 --> 00:28:50.410
Yeah, and then there's Marshall Howe.

00:28:50.410 --> 00:28:52.291
Who, marshall Howe?

00:28:53.333 --> 00:28:54.094
How does he do what?

00:28:54.453 --> 00:28:55.154
Marshall Howe.

00:28:55.715 --> 00:28:56.777
How now Wrong cow?

00:28:56.940 --> 00:28:59.844
This guy is a self-proclaimed rave digger.

00:28:59.844 --> 00:29:05.951
He'd go to houses of people dying from the plague like bring out your dead, but I'm not dead yet.

00:29:05.971 --> 00:29:06.632
But I'm not dead.

00:29:06.692 --> 00:29:07.432
yet he goes.

00:29:07.432 --> 00:29:09.576
You are, he will be soon.

00:29:09.576 --> 00:29:14.366
He would grab any valuables that he could find and then cart off the bodies.

00:29:14.366 --> 00:29:17.588
He handled tons of infected corpses.

00:29:17.588 --> 00:29:19.346
And he never got sick.

00:29:19.346 --> 00:29:19.949
That's wild.

00:29:19.949 --> 00:29:24.930
So this brings us to gene Delta 32.

00:29:24.930 --> 00:29:26.272
That's what it is, yeah, mm-hmm.

00:29:26.272 --> 00:29:28.782
So the scientist O'Brien.

00:29:28.782 --> 00:29:35.413
His idea was the folks that lived through the plague in Eme might have had some special genes that kept them safe.

00:29:35.875 --> 00:29:36.434
Is he Irish?

00:29:38.020 --> 00:29:39.064
No, I think he's American.

00:29:39.064 --> 00:29:39.905
He's American.

00:29:40.888 --> 00:29:41.490
Irish American.

00:29:41.490 --> 00:29:42.313
Potentially His name's O'Brien.

00:29:42.313 --> 00:29:43.496
Yes, I know he's American, he's American.

00:29:43.516 --> 00:29:44.238
Irish American Potentially.

00:29:44.238 --> 00:29:44.778
His name's O'Brien.

00:29:44.778 --> 00:29:47.449
Yes, I know, potentially Irish American, just curious.

00:29:47.449 --> 00:29:51.891
But he was hoping that genes would then be passed on right, okay.

00:29:51.891 --> 00:30:12.226
So if you do wander through Eames Cemetery, you'll notice a bunch of family names the Hancocks, the Blackwellss showing that these families stuck around for generations, even after all this yes, okay so those villagers who had survived their, they passed their dna onto their kids and so forth.

00:30:12.487 --> 00:30:18.826
Right, so o'brien's thinking was maybe those survivors had some special genes that kept them safe and he wanted to find them.

00:30:18.826 --> 00:30:24.048
So the fact that so many people in eam today are related to those survivors helped quite a bit.

00:30:24.390 --> 00:30:24.671
Sure.

00:30:25.181 --> 00:30:28.009
And he needed each villager and they complied.

00:30:28.009 --> 00:30:33.971
Each villager took a DNA swab to the inside of their cheek to get gene tested.

00:30:34.173 --> 00:30:34.432
Okay.

00:30:34.653 --> 00:30:41.059
Yeah, so O'Brien was interested in the Delta 32.

00:30:41.761 --> 00:31:05.664
He wanted to see if this particular gene protected against the plague, and aim was the perfect place it was like a little time capsule with all these generations well, right, and that's the nice thing is because it, you know, it was more or less contained within that town and so, yeah, and like you, go to london, you're gonna have fucking shit everywhere yeah but you get a nice little sample yeah, if you will.

00:31:05.744 --> 00:31:11.462
Yeah, so dna samples from em were sent off to university college london.

00:31:11.462 --> 00:31:11.923
Okay.

00:31:11.923 --> 00:31:16.252
If the gene wasn't there, o'brien's theory was bust, then okay.

00:31:16.252 --> 00:31:26.055
But if it was there, it opened up this whole new field of research the idea that genes could actually protect people from the freaking plague.

00:31:26.920 --> 00:31:27.782
So I don't know.

00:31:27.782 --> 00:31:29.249
If you get to this later, let me know.

00:31:29.249 --> 00:31:32.686
But is the Black Plague still like a thing?

00:31:33.208 --> 00:31:33.788
I will tell you.

00:31:34.029 --> 00:31:35.633
Okay, cool, Stay tuned folks.

00:31:36.381 --> 00:31:41.612
So a team in London led by Dr David Goldstein analyzed these samples.

00:31:41.612 --> 00:31:52.871
Okay, If Delta 32 really does offer some protection against the plague, and since EAM was hit hard, the descendants of the survivors should have had more of this mutation right Sure.

00:31:53.660 --> 00:32:01.329
So the whole thing depended on whether the villagers could actually prove that they were related to these survivors.

00:32:01.329 --> 00:32:04.538
So Brian sat down with a bunch of these villagers and they went through their family trees just to prove that they were related to these survivors.

00:32:04.538 --> 00:32:08.833
So brian sat down with a bunch of these villagers and they went through their family trees just to prove that yeah, we are descendants.

00:32:08.833 --> 00:32:12.403
So then we have dr rick titball.

00:32:13.003 --> 00:32:34.148
He um was digging into how the bacteria plague the plague bacteria attacked our bodies okay so he discovered that lots of disease causing germs have a special way of getting in sure kind of like a doorway into our cells okay when the plague bacteria gets into the bloodstream, our white blood cells go after it.

00:32:34.148 --> 00:32:35.752
That's like the immunity response.

00:32:35.752 --> 00:32:39.446
Yeah, but the plague is super stinky, super stinky plague.

00:32:39.446 --> 00:32:46.281
It gets inside the white blood cells super stinky plague.

00:32:46.301 --> 00:32:49.710
It gets inside the white blood cells and takes over these white blood cells and then basically, your immune system is shot.

00:32:49.730 --> 00:32:57.760
It uses the white blood cells as rides to the lymph nodes, which are like the human immune center headquarters so are they kind of like surfing in your blood?

00:32:57.760 --> 00:33:03.073
Pretty much yeah that's cool, but like inside the bubbles, inside the cells, like a bubble, yeah.

00:33:04.021 --> 00:33:04.644
Right in that way.

00:33:04.744 --> 00:33:13.138
Exactly so, once they break out of these cells and attack the whole system, which is why the plague was so deadly.

00:33:13.419 --> 00:33:13.619
Right.

00:33:14.201 --> 00:33:24.902
So the idea that a gene like Delta 32 might block that doorway into our cells, stopping the plague bacteria from even getting in?

00:33:24.902 --> 00:33:27.349
That would be incredible, right, uh-huh.

00:33:27.349 --> 00:33:32.571
So three weeks after the DNA samples were taken in EME, the results came back.

00:33:32.571 --> 00:33:35.807
Delta 32 was present.

00:33:36.529 --> 00:33:36.651
Oh.

00:33:37.740 --> 00:33:42.431
Turns out, 14% of the EME descendants had it.

00:33:42.992 --> 00:33:43.292
Okay.

00:33:44.020 --> 00:33:45.567
So O'Brien was on the right track.

00:33:45.567 --> 00:33:48.048
So what did this 14% mean?

00:33:48.048 --> 00:33:50.365
Was it connected to the plague?

00:33:50.365 --> 00:33:55.192
To find out they needed to compare EME results with other places, sure, okay.

00:33:55.192 --> 00:33:59.771
So O'Brien got scientists from all over the world to map out this gene.

00:33:59.771 --> 00:34:10.389
Over the world to map out this gene, and as the the data started trickling in, he was looking at africa, south america asia no delta 32.

00:34:10.429 --> 00:34:15.661
so o'brien said it was like being on a bloodhound on ascent, right, yeah, yeah.

00:34:15.661 --> 00:34:23.715
So he started uncovering the secrets of delta 32, that he was sure that that was the absolute answer.

00:34:23.715 --> 00:34:36.784
Okay, and after searching the whole world, o'brien made a discovery the amount of Delta 32 in EME was only matching other parts of Europe right along the paths of the Black Death.

00:34:36.784 --> 00:34:45.371
Oh really, mutations like Delta 32 usually disappeared unless they have a huge survival advantage.

00:34:46.001 --> 00:34:46.824
Which is what?

00:34:47.119 --> 00:34:48.324
Survival of the fittest.

00:34:48.445 --> 00:34:48.706
Right.

00:34:49.541 --> 00:34:55.913
So the Black Death is coming in and the gene starts to mutate because of the plague.

00:34:56.193 --> 00:34:56.454
Okay.

00:34:58.822 --> 00:35:04.393
So Delta 32 was super unusual and had become really common in these European ancestors.

00:35:04.393 --> 00:35:14.394
But the only explanation that made sense with this deadly disease outbreak that could have wiped out millions, it was pretty sure that the outbreak was the Black Death.

00:35:14.514 --> 00:35:14.695
Yeah.

00:35:15.420 --> 00:35:22.494
The way Delta 32 spread matched the plague's path perfectly Okay, but they needed to still figure out the date Right.

00:35:22.494 --> 00:35:23.820
When did this mutation happen?

00:35:23.820 --> 00:35:33.269
So if they could pinpoint exactly when the gene became so common in europe, then they could confirm that if it was caused by the plague okay months of work passed.

00:35:33.369 --> 00:35:36.302
I'm sure they came up with a mathematical formula.

00:35:36.302 --> 00:35:42.295
The idea was to estimate the age of the mutation by looking at nearby genetic markers.

00:35:42.295 --> 00:35:56.572
So scientists O'Brien and Dr Goldstein analyzed samples from O'Brien's worldwide database and by looking at tiny differences in the genes they could trace back to the original mutation and they found it.

00:35:56.981 --> 00:35:57.260
Really.

00:35:57.641 --> 00:36:03.351
The gene exploded in Europe about 700 years ago, right when the Black Death hit.

00:36:05.500 --> 00:36:08.768
So that's the original 1346 or whatever it was.

00:36:08.768 --> 00:36:09.612
Yes, okay.

00:36:10.681 --> 00:36:13.690
So the mystery of the plague survivors was finally kind of solved.

00:36:13.690 --> 00:36:16.068
The evidence pointed to Delta 32.

00:36:16.068 --> 00:36:21.271
And it seemed to explain how the plague bacteria was blocked from getting into human cells.

00:36:21.271 --> 00:36:27.067
Okay, but there was another puzzle oh dear lots of people in eem hadn't just survived.

00:36:27.067 --> 00:36:31.275
Many didn't get sick at all yeah, which that's.

00:36:31.420 --> 00:36:32.282
That's the part of the.

00:36:32.282 --> 00:36:34.447
The question is like well, why not?

00:36:35.489 --> 00:36:40.606
so if the gene completely blocked the bacteria, what was?

00:36:40.606 --> 00:36:42.469
Yeah, what was the explanation?

00:36:42.469 --> 00:37:06.492
Elizabeth hancock, she never got the plague and her whole family did her whole family, her whole family did right she had potentially because we don't know correct two copies of delta 32, one from each parent oh, so both her parents had it passed on to her whereas if only dad had it and mom didn't, then they were might have been a little more susceptible to still getting it right.

00:37:06.532 --> 00:37:12.838
She might have been sick, but maybe not pass yeah, might not have died, but she could have got it yes got sick and so on.

00:37:13.099 --> 00:37:26.945
Interesting, so the people with just one copy, like margaret blackwell, who got the plague but recovered after drinking bacon fat oh geez she probably only just had one copy of the delta 32 right, because she got sick.

00:37:26.945 --> 00:37:37.884
Yes, so okay so this little genetic mistake, mutation, delta 32, protected families of the plague for generations.

00:37:37.884 --> 00:37:40.545
Right, but there's one more thing what's that?

00:37:43.989 --> 00:38:07.876
I finally got one on on tape for you if delta 32 protected against the plague yeah then those survivors would have had to pass down that unique ability to fight other diseases okay so what other serious, creepy similarities does the Black Plague have with a modern day killer?

00:38:07.876 --> 00:38:10.126
That would be AIDS.

00:38:10.126 --> 00:38:13.166
Oh, Okay.

00:38:13.166 --> 00:38:16.108
Apparently they have very similar.

00:38:17.501 --> 00:38:20.610
So Black Death and AIDS are like brother and sister.

00:38:21.679 --> 00:38:23.086
Or maybe like stepkids.

00:38:23.661 --> 00:38:26.409
Or maybe first cousins once removed.

00:38:26.509 --> 00:38:27.210
Something yeah.

00:38:27.380 --> 00:38:28.800
I still don't understand how that all works.

00:38:29.201 --> 00:38:34.532
If we go to 1980, san Francisco, the gay community was celebrating like never before.

00:38:34.532 --> 00:38:42.724
Everybody was out, time of pure joy and a guy by the name of Steve Krohn right in the middle of it, okay, and a guy by the name of Steve Krohn right in the middle of it.

00:38:42.744 --> 00:38:48.168
Okay, he described it as a time of self-expression music, disco, drugs, dancing, etc.

00:38:48.168 --> 00:38:54.414
But doctors had already started noticing a mysterious disease affecting gay men.

00:38:54.414 --> 00:39:07.862
Dark purple blotches appeared on the skin, lymph nodes swelled and they noticed okay, this is really really bad.

00:39:07.862 --> 00:39:09.666
Yeah, of course, steve crone was oblivious to this danger.

00:39:09.666 --> 00:39:16.023
For him and his friends, california was carefree, untroubled, until his lover, jerry, got sick.

00:39:16.023 --> 00:39:19.913
Nobody knew what it was, but it was a total nightmare for them.

00:39:19.913 --> 00:39:23.427
Sure, jerry was sick for 15 months without a diagnosis.

00:39:23.867 --> 00:39:38.724
He went blind oh jeez lost a ton of weight, had a virus in his liver and went through all sorts of tests yeah and it was a mystery how this like healthy, vibrant 34 year old started acting like an 85 year old, like that's how much his body diminished.

00:39:38.724 --> 00:39:39.085
I bet yeah.

00:39:39.085 --> 00:39:43.030
J Jerry died on March 4th 1982.

00:39:43.030 --> 00:39:48.440
He was only the fifth person in America to die of AIDS.

00:39:48.440 --> 00:39:49.563
He was the fifth.

00:39:49.943 --> 00:39:50.605
Wow yeah.

00:39:51.405 --> 00:40:01.668
So everybody in San Francisco had no idea that this virus was spreading and Krohn watched it, completely ripped through his family and friends.

00:40:01.668 --> 00:40:06.034
Sure, yeah, he lost 70 to 80 people over the next 10 years.

00:40:06.034 --> 00:40:07.443
He owned that many.

00:40:08.847 --> 00:40:09.148
I'm sorry.

00:40:09.380 --> 00:40:11.807
I mean acquaintances, friends family members.

00:40:11.887 --> 00:40:12.489
I was joking.

00:40:12.590 --> 00:40:18.632
Yeah, so over the past two decades, aids has caused 18 million deaths worldwide.

00:40:19.519 --> 00:40:25.061
Well, that number is probably kind of skewed worldwide, because isn't the majority in africa?

00:40:25.061 --> 00:40:30.032
I don't know I would think, because isn't that still like a thing, ongoing thing in africa?

00:40:30.032 --> 00:40:39.565
I mean it's an ongoing thing everywhere obviously, but so is the flu, yeah, but I'm saying I don't know if africa has the majority of it I want to say that's something I heard.

00:40:39.565 --> 00:40:44.715
I could be completely wrong but, I think there's a huge problem with it over there still.

00:40:46.021 --> 00:40:52.793
So the HIV virus became a major killer, pretty much right up there in infamy with the Black Death.

00:40:53.014 --> 00:40:53.253
Right.

00:40:54.181 --> 00:40:57.771
So, just like the plague, aids attacks the immune system.

00:40:57.771 --> 00:41:02.472
Yep, and just like the plague, some people seem to be more resistant to the virus than others.

00:41:02.472 --> 00:41:03.820
Sure, so scientist Stephen O'Brien was super fascinated by this.

00:41:03.820 --> 00:41:05.581
And, just like the plague, some people seem to be more resistant to the virus than others.

00:41:05.581 --> 00:41:13.028
So scientist Stephen O'Brien was super fascinated by this and, comparing the two diseases, he found that HIV, just like the plague, tricks the immune system.

00:41:13.028 --> 00:41:18.672
It targets the exact same blood cells and hijacks them.

00:41:18.672 --> 00:41:23.177
Once inside, the virus can completely wipe out the body's immune response.

00:41:23.416 --> 00:41:33.204
Right and basically what happens when that does.

00:41:33.224 --> 00:41:36.197
That is like you're susceptible to any type of flu or whatever, and it could just literally kill you because your immune system is like shut down.

00:41:36.219 --> 00:41:39.369
Basically Right, and then AIDS attacks pretty much your immune system.

00:41:39.369 --> 00:41:40.945
Well, that's my point, yeah.

00:41:40.945 --> 00:41:46.110
So this whole other mystery might have been solved if it weren't for this guy, steve crone.

00:41:46.110 --> 00:41:54.592
After his losing his lover and so many friends, crone assumed he'd get sick too, as his lifestyle was exactly the same.

00:41:54.592 --> 00:41:55.721
Why would he be any different?

00:41:55.740 --> 00:41:58.487
that's a good assumption because of what you just said.

00:41:58.507 --> 00:42:04.101
So yeah, but he never got sick okay test after test he came back negative for hiv.

00:42:04.101 --> 00:42:17.079
So he mentions this to a relative at a party and the relative was like hey, researchers often study the one person in the family who doesn't get sick to a hereditary disease why, don't they study you?

00:42:18.260 --> 00:42:21.902
right, and crumb was like okay, yeah, why aren't they studying me?

00:42:21.902 --> 00:42:25.563
So he started to make phone calls.

00:42:25.563 --> 00:42:30.184
He called doctor after doctor after doctor, looking for trials.

00:42:30.184 --> 00:42:32.704
Sure, and there were never any.

00:42:32.704 --> 00:42:37.686
Nobody was studying HIV negative men, but he did find one.

00:42:37.686 --> 00:42:40.507
His name, coincidentally, is Bill Paxton.

00:42:41.188 --> 00:42:42.407
His name, coincidentally, is Bill Paxton.

00:42:42.407 --> 00:42:43.588
Oh, like the actor, yeah, rip.

00:42:44.088 --> 00:42:48.829
Paxton was young, ambitious and he really wanted to make a difference in the AIDS crisis.

00:42:48.829 --> 00:42:55.871
So he convinced his boss at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York to let him do an experiment.

00:42:55.871 --> 00:43:05.195
Okay, paxton's idea was to analyze the blood of people at high risk for HIV who had never gotten it, and he wanted to find out clues of how the virus worked.

00:43:05.195 --> 00:43:05.795
Yeah, why?

00:43:05.795 --> 00:43:08.876
So he needed blood from people like Steve.

00:43:08.876 --> 00:43:16.597
So the center didn't have any studies on these HIV-negative men negative but exposed men.

00:43:16.597 --> 00:43:18.858
But Paxton knew that they existed.

00:43:18.858 --> 00:43:20.501
Sure, yeah, of course.

00:43:20.501 --> 00:43:29.949
Paxton took a sample of crone's blood and exposed it to 3 000 times the normal amount of hiv needed to infect a cell.

00:43:29.949 --> 00:43:33.034
Holy shit, massive dose, right?

00:43:33.034 --> 00:43:35.465
Yeah, steve cells were never infected.

00:43:35.465 --> 00:43:36.106
That's crazy.

00:43:36.106 --> 00:43:39.213
Paxton initially thought that he'd messed up.

00:43:39.213 --> 00:43:47.807
Maybe the culture was contaminated, so so he tested Steve again and again and again, and each time, same result.

00:43:47.847 --> 00:43:49.891
Wow, something was blocking the virus.

00:43:49.952 --> 00:43:50.514
Yeah, of course.

00:43:50.980 --> 00:44:00.425
So when Paxton looked at the DNA, he noticed that, unlike the cells of people with HIV, steve's cells had a blocking mechanism and the virus couldn't get in.

00:44:00.425 --> 00:44:19.721
Hello delta 32 gene yeah so real explanation of why crow never got hiv right okay, it was this gene passed down from his european ancestors and got it probably from both mom and dad yes, exactly yes or at least it was within each of that family line somewhere.

00:44:19.760 --> 00:44:29.416
Yeah, so people with just one copy of delta, which is about one-fifth of the population, showed a delay in developing AIDS if they got infected.

00:44:29.416 --> 00:44:36.954
About 1% of people in Britain and America, so about 3 million people like Steve Krohn, had two copies of this gene.

00:44:36.954 --> 00:44:40.510
So this gives them total resistance to AIDS.

00:44:41.340 --> 00:44:42.846
Because they have the two copies.

00:44:42.846 --> 00:44:43.166
Yeah.

00:44:44.820 --> 00:44:52.365
So these folks don't have a doorway that HIV needs to get into their cells essentially, so they're they're blocking it yeah.

00:44:52.365 --> 00:44:54.608
Yeah, don't collect $200.

00:44:54.608 --> 00:44:55.784
Don't move forward, right.

00:44:56.360 --> 00:44:57.224
Don't go past go.

00:44:57.344 --> 00:44:57.907
That's the one.

00:44:58.047 --> 00:44:58.449
There it is.

00:44:59.059 --> 00:45:02.309
So even if they're exposed over and over again, they don't get infected.

00:45:02.570 --> 00:45:02.791
Right.

00:45:03.141 --> 00:45:04.326
Huge, huge breakthrough.

00:45:04.326 --> 00:45:11.592
So by figuring out the mystery of the plague survivors, O'Brien had actually made an even bigger discovery.

00:45:11.713 --> 00:45:12.474
Yeah, no kidding.

00:45:12.559 --> 00:45:16.811
The people who survived the plague in Europe gave their descendants an incredible gift right.

00:45:17.012 --> 00:45:17.251
Yeah.

00:45:17.420 --> 00:45:21.070
Protecting from one of the most terrifying killers of our time, which is AIDS.

00:45:21.070 --> 00:45:24.418
Yes, from one of the most terrifying killers of our time, which is AIDS yes.

00:45:24.418 --> 00:45:28.389
And now understanding how Delta 32 protects against HIV has opened up this whole new field of research.

00:45:29.420 --> 00:45:33.092
So can you, like you can't just give somebody gene Delta 32?

00:45:33.092 --> 00:45:34.762
They have to be born with it.

00:45:35.648 --> 00:45:36.010
Correct.

00:45:36.414 --> 00:45:36.554
Okay.

00:45:36.554 --> 00:45:44.014
Yes, it is a mutation that is passed down through yes, so there's not something that can be like synthetically produced.

00:45:44.195 --> 00:45:46.143
I don't know if it can be synthetically produced.

00:45:46.143 --> 00:45:48.824
That was not part of my research, but that would be super fucking cool.

00:45:49.697 --> 00:45:52.625
I mean, you almost wonder like well, how do we give this to everybody?

00:45:52.684 --> 00:45:53.567
Yeah, yeah.

00:45:53.635 --> 00:45:55.097
So this can fucking stop.

00:45:55.318 --> 00:45:57.762
Yeah, let's start with the children's hospitals, shall we?

00:45:57.942 --> 00:45:59.083
Yeah, exactly yes.

00:45:59.885 --> 00:46:02.710
So let's fast forward to 2016.

00:46:02.710 --> 00:46:10.277
That is only nine years ago, digging for a new escalator at a train station in London.

00:46:10.277 --> 00:46:16.838
Okay, they discovered a burial site, a new escalator yeah, they were digging for an escalator.

00:46:17.039 --> 00:46:17.559
That's weird Okay.

00:46:18.778 --> 00:46:23.260
They found 3,500 skeletons in this mass grave.

00:46:23.260 --> 00:46:28.202
Wow, they suspected it was a mass grave from the Great Plague of London.

00:46:28.202 --> 00:46:33.704
Sure, and if you want to know where, it's right in the heart of London called Liverpool Street.

00:46:33.704 --> 00:46:35.324
There's like a big train station there.

00:46:35.503 --> 00:46:35.764
Okay.

00:46:36.224 --> 00:46:43.246
So DNA testing confirmed it was the Great Plague that killed these people in the 1665 outbreak, right.

00:46:43.246 --> 00:46:54.929
So here's the thing Scientists also confirmed something that they had expected or suspected, but they weren't 100% sure until now.

00:46:55.269 --> 00:46:55.630
Okay.

00:46:55.789 --> 00:47:00.992
And this answers your initial question the Great Plague of London is the Bubonic Plague.

00:47:00.992 --> 00:47:01.891
Oh, it is.

00:47:01.891 --> 00:47:05.592
The Bubonic Plague was the Black Death from the 1300s.

00:47:05.592 --> 00:47:08.514
Oh, they are all one in the same, really.

00:47:09.094 --> 00:47:09.494
Mm-hmm.

00:47:09.494 --> 00:47:20.925
Okay, because I don't know if you recall this, because you're Kate, but basically this is, if you remember, when I did Ring Around the Rosie.

00:47:21.567 --> 00:47:21.768
Yes.

00:47:23.016 --> 00:47:23.882
That's where that all came from.

00:47:23.954 --> 00:47:25.661
Yes, they suspect that that's where it came from.

00:47:25.842 --> 00:47:41.679
Right, my question that I was trying to formulate before was so obviously, if you have the double set of Delta 32, if you only have the one, yes, you can still get sick.

00:47:41.679 --> 00:47:44.322
Like, what's the survival rate?

00:47:44.775 --> 00:47:52.900
I don't know what the survival rate, but I'm assuming that with today's advancements, as well, they're probably going to have a pretty healthy life.

00:47:52.900 --> 00:47:56.942
Okay yeah, so bubonic plague.

00:47:56.942 --> 00:47:59.266
Black death, great plague of London, all the same thing.

00:47:59.266 --> 00:47:59.788
Interesting, isn't that cool?

00:47:59.788 --> 00:48:00.237
So bubonic plague.

00:48:00.186 --> 00:48:00.905
Black Death, great Plague of London all the same thing Interesting.

00:48:00.905 --> 00:48:01.367
Isn't that cool.

00:48:01.367 --> 00:48:08.592
So this was literally the first time that these three outbreaks were officially linked.

00:48:08.592 --> 00:48:08.992
Sure.

00:48:08.992 --> 00:48:11.860
There was always speculation, but officially linked.

00:48:11.860 --> 00:48:17.469
So today the plague, bubonic plague.

00:48:17.789 --> 00:48:18.010
Yes.

00:48:25.994 --> 00:48:26.476
Not officially gone.

00:48:26.476 --> 00:48:29.782
No, no, as of may 2024, there are still a few cases reported in the us each year.

00:48:29.782 --> 00:48:30.384
That's crazy about seven.

00:48:30.384 --> 00:48:37.784
They have an average of seven cases a year just in america that's wild and it's mostly in New Mexico.

00:48:37.784 --> 00:48:39.487
What I don't know why.

00:48:39.628 --> 00:48:40.255
That's strange New.

00:48:40.295 --> 00:48:41.300
Mexico and Arizona.

00:48:41.300 --> 00:48:43.724
Sorry, mom and dad, but you gotta watch out for that.

00:48:43.936 --> 00:48:44.978
Watch out for the watch.

00:48:44.978 --> 00:48:46.724
Keep an eye on your boobons.

00:48:46.965 --> 00:48:53.666
Yeah, so most human cases since the 1990s have been in Africa.

00:48:54.568 --> 00:48:54.809
Okay.

00:48:55.414 --> 00:48:59.503
So I don't know about AIDS, but plague I could be wrong.

00:48:59.603 --> 00:49:00.606
Yeah, I'm pretty sure.

00:49:00.606 --> 00:49:06.628
I mean, there's always a a problem yeah, that there from what I understand.

00:49:06.628 --> 00:49:25.742
Again, I haven't done any full-blown research, but yeah I, I feel like it's quite an epidemic over there still, but um, isn't it wild to think that, well, potentially from 3000 BC to today, which is over 5,000 years, that this thing has existed?

00:49:26.023 --> 00:49:26.806
I know, isn't that?

00:49:26.846 --> 00:49:27.025
crazy.

00:49:27.025 --> 00:49:31.891
It's just wild to think it's been around that long and still pops up in New Mexico and Arizona.

00:49:31.891 --> 00:49:32.894
What the shit.

00:49:33.014 --> 00:49:33.818
In California.

00:49:33.818 --> 00:49:36.898
There was one in Chicago, Like there's one in the UP.

00:49:36.918 --> 00:49:39.025
See, isn't that weird though that there there was one, there's one in the UP See, isn't that?

00:49:39.126 --> 00:49:40.168
weird, though, that there was one.

00:49:40.168 --> 00:49:43.101
There's one, someone traveled, and that's probably what it was.

00:49:43.894 --> 00:49:48.827
And with how we can travel so easily these days it's just wild to think.

00:49:48.827 --> 00:49:51.324
But it's like well, how is that still around?

00:49:51.324 --> 00:49:53.335
It just blows my mind.

00:49:53.356 --> 00:50:16.411
But there was a, a graph that showed between I don't remember the original year up until 2022 and the average number of people who, who caught the plague versus who died, and if I can find that, I'll put that in our social media Sure, but 2022, I don't think there was anybody that had the disease.

00:50:16.411 --> 00:50:17.092
That was a good year.

00:50:17.255 --> 00:50:18.637
22, I don't think there was anybody that had the disease.

00:50:18.637 --> 00:50:19.681
That was a good year.

00:50:19.681 --> 00:50:24.632
There's uh, I don't remember what kind of like a not a chiropractor?

00:50:24.632 --> 00:50:34.956
I don't know there's a doctor office on this road in a town not too far off from where I grew up and I still pass it and it's like something, something boob on.

00:50:35.197 --> 00:50:54.077
I always think of the bubonic plague when I pass the sign yeah, protect your boobons, but anyways yeah, so that's the story of the gene delta 32 and how it was found and how it ties into aids and the bubonic plague so now we just gotta figure out how to use it to our advantage.

00:50:54.117 --> 00:50:57.865
Yeah, because cool, you got that, but that person doesn't.

00:50:58.166 --> 00:51:00.277
Let's give it to them yeah, how do we figure that out?

00:51:00.277 --> 00:51:20.286
I think it's crazy that dna just recently confirmed that all three of these outbreaks were the same thing I wonder if that's why I always got them wrong, not wrong per se, but like mixed them up and they all had like different areas of where the epidemic was well, I'm sure, yeah, that's not surprising yeah it, it broke out here, trickled over there.

00:51:20.286 --> 00:51:20.507
Yeah.

00:51:20.675 --> 00:51:24.346
This one broke out here, trickled over there, whatever the scenario is.

00:51:24.346 --> 00:51:32.704
But yeah, it's really wild that that's actually the same thing, because they always were portrayed as literally two different things.

00:51:32.704 --> 00:51:41.768
They were yeah, but the fact that it killed a third of the population of Europe.

00:51:41.768 --> 00:51:43.697
That was the 1346 one, right?

00:51:43.757 --> 00:51:44.159
I think so.

00:51:44.159 --> 00:51:45.583
Yeah, 1347.

00:51:45.583 --> 00:51:45.862
Yeah.

00:51:46.945 --> 00:51:47.648
I was a year off.

00:51:47.775 --> 00:51:50.003
I apologize for my indiscretion there.

00:51:50.454 --> 00:51:55.967
But um 33% of the population, that's a lot of fucking people, it's a lot of people.

00:51:55.967 --> 00:52:01.847
I mean you look at today's population 33%, it's like that's almost lot of fucking people.

00:52:01.847 --> 00:52:02.288
It's a lot of people.

00:52:02.288 --> 00:52:04.452
I mean you look at today's population 33, it's like that's almost like thanos numbers.

00:52:04.452 --> 00:52:05.795
I mean you're only 17 off from killing half.

00:52:05.795 --> 00:52:10.005
So I mean that's that's pretty wild, that that's a lot of fucking people.

00:52:10.206 --> 00:52:17.085
Yeah, so no, that's crazy and, like I said it, it was around since like 3000 b.

00:52:17.186 --> 00:52:19.150
Potentially almost 5,000 years ago.

00:52:19.735 --> 00:52:27.983
There was something that was mentioned where they think that it was fleas on rats that did it, and you had mentioned that rats did the bubonic plague.

00:52:28.135 --> 00:52:30.003
Which is probably the fleas, yeah, right.

00:52:31.317 --> 00:52:43.465
And in London they actually did like this big mass execution of a lot of animals dogs, cats because they thought it was carried by animals when really it was the the fleas For the fleas?

00:52:43.646 --> 00:52:46.050
Yeah, it was the fleas, yeah, which you know.

00:52:46.050 --> 00:52:48.255
I get why they did what they did.

00:52:48.295 --> 00:52:49.557
Where the hell did the fleas get it?

00:52:49.557 --> 00:52:50.260
I mean, come on.

00:52:51.764 --> 00:52:59.724
Yeah, it's like how did the did it manifest in the fleas, like were they the origin of it?

00:52:59.724 --> 00:53:00.934
Was it something that just attached to the fleas?

00:53:00.934 --> 00:53:03.302
It's weird to think about stuff like that.

00:53:03.302 --> 00:53:09.601
But Are you typing on purpose or are you just typing?

00:53:12.467 --> 00:53:13.369
I'm Okay.

00:53:13.369 --> 00:53:25.621
So it's possible that it did come from a rat and then, like the fleas were biting the rats, and then the fleas, they would find a new host.

00:53:25.621 --> 00:53:27.601
Is that how fleas sound?

00:53:27.601 --> 00:53:29.579
You never know.

00:53:30.114 --> 00:53:30.737
I mean no.

00:53:30.737 --> 00:53:32.081
That's why I asked you have bad ears.

00:53:32.081 --> 00:53:32.744
What.

00:53:35.655 --> 00:53:37.563
So anyway, Delta 32.

00:53:44.094 --> 00:53:44.956
so, anyway, delta 32, I.

00:53:44.956 --> 00:53:48.001
I just I feel like we need to use that to our advantage, though.

00:53:48.001 --> 00:53:49.503
Yeah, so cool, we know about it, that's great.

00:53:49.503 --> 00:53:53.210
Well done, o'brien, I mean okay, he should.

00:53:53.269 --> 00:53:58.724
He should get that like what's it called the nobel peace prize did he really create peace though?

00:54:00.208 --> 00:54:15.144
I mean peace in the immune system he pieced it together he kept it whole did he, though, but no, it's like okay, I'm not discounting what they discovered.

00:54:15.144 --> 00:54:16.889
What does that do for us?

00:54:18.728 --> 00:54:22.820
there is a whole another field of research that they are going to partake in.

00:54:23.615 --> 00:54:24.101
Which is what?

00:54:25.130 --> 00:54:27.583
Hopefully giving it to the rest of us synthetically.

00:54:27.934 --> 00:54:28.577
But you can't.

00:54:29.159 --> 00:54:29.681
We don't know.

00:54:29.875 --> 00:54:30.717
Because it's genetic.

00:54:30.978 --> 00:54:32.264
We don't know what they can do.

00:54:32.715 --> 00:54:32.996
Well.

00:54:33.639 --> 00:54:34.302
We don't know.

00:54:34.675 --> 00:54:36.001
By the time they figure it out.

00:54:36.894 --> 00:54:42.268
Listen, I did this on Gene 32 and the Black Plague that happened to also be in AIDS.

00:54:42.268 --> 00:54:44.262
Okay, let's move on.

00:54:44.262 --> 00:54:45.478
How do you like your beer?

00:54:45.800 --> 00:54:46.643
It was delicious.

00:54:46.643 --> 00:54:49.103
I'm really sad that both of mine are done.

00:54:49.355 --> 00:54:51.342
Good thing you have more in my fridge.

00:54:51.342 --> 00:54:52.740
I sure do.

00:54:52.740 --> 00:54:55.744
Should I have one more sip of the carbless?

00:54:56.195 --> 00:54:59.402
Do you really want to Wow?

00:55:01.005 --> 00:55:02.487
It's the sugar, it's the fake sugar.

00:55:02.507 --> 00:55:03.108
Let's go with that.

00:55:03.295 --> 00:55:04.501
I'm going to stop drinking that now.

00:55:04.614 --> 00:55:05.940
I told you to never buy it.

00:55:07.114 --> 00:55:10.143
I will listen to you from now on, please, about the carbless.

00:55:10.445 --> 00:55:14.766
Yes, I am all about trying new beers on our podcast.

00:55:14.766 --> 00:55:17.342
First of all, not a beer.

00:55:17.342 --> 00:55:18.980
Second of all, no.

00:55:18.980 --> 00:55:23.880
Just what is up with the snake weird face you're making?

00:55:26.184 --> 00:55:29.311
Nope, I suppose.

00:55:30.876 --> 00:55:31.639
Yuck, yuck, yuck.

00:55:31.639 --> 00:55:33.956
I don't even know what to say, because you said both.

00:55:33.956 --> 00:55:39.400
Well she supposes All right, buffoons.

00:55:39.601 --> 00:55:44.644
That's it for today's episode buckle up, because we've got another historical adventure waiting for you.

00:55:44.644 --> 00:55:54.297
Next time feeling hungry for more buffoonery, or maybe you have a burning question or a wild historical theory for us to explore hit us up on social media.

00:55:54.637 --> 00:55:58.967
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00:55:58.967 --> 00:56:03.018
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00:56:03.018 --> 00:56:04.960
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00:56:04.960 --> 00:56:06.581
Music by Corey Akers.

00:56:06.914 --> 00:56:11.487
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00:56:11.989 --> 00:56:14.981
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00:56:15.434 --> 00:56:17.577
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00:56:17.577 --> 00:56:31.025
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