March 12, 2025
The Origin Of Weird: Ignaz Semmelweis
The shocking story of how simply washing hands could have saved countless women's lives—and why doctors refused to do it.
Meet Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian physician working in Vienna in the 1840s who made a disturbing observation: women were dying at alarming rates after childbirth in doctor-run maternity wards, while those assisted by midwives usually survived. The difference? Doctors were performing autopsies before delivering babies—without washing their hands in between.
When Semmelweis implemented a mandatory hand-washing protocol using chlorinated lime solution in 1847, the results were immediate and dramatic. Mortality rates plummeted from over 18% to near zero within months. Yet instead of celebration, his discovery met with ridicule and hostility from the medical establishment. Many physicians were offended at the suggestion they should wash their hands between procedures, considering it an affront to their status as gentlemen.
The tragic irony of Semmelweis's story is that after years of fighting for acceptance, his mental health deteriorated. In 1865, colleagues tricked him into visiting an asylum where he was forcibly detained. During a struggle with guards, he sustained injuries that became infected, and he died—from the very type of preventable infection he had spent his life fighting—at just 47 years old. His hand-washing practices were largely abandoned, and mortality rates immediately increased sixfold.
Decades would pass before Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister established germ theory, vindicating Semmelweis's work too late for him to witness. Join us as we explore this heartbreaking medical saga that reminds us how institutional resistance to change can cost countless lives, and how scientific progress sometimes comes at great personal sacrifice.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis
https://www/pbs.org/newshour/health/ignaz-semmelweis-doctor-prescribed-hand-washing
By - Dr. Howard Markel
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Chapters
00:00 - Introducing the History Buffoons
04:53 - Childbed Fever: A Deadly Postpartum Infection
09:06 - Rise of Hospital Births and Autopsies
14:21 - Semmelweis Discovers the Deadly Pattern
19:40 - Hand Washing Revolution Begins
27:11 - Semmelweis's Tragic End and Legacy
Transcript
WEBVTT
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oh, hey there, oh hey there.
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Where over there, where hello I?
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am a history buffoon.
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How about you?
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hello, I am also a buffoon of history.
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We are the history buffoons.
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I'm Bradley.
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I'm Kate.
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How are you today, Kate?
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I'm good, wonderful.
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This is actually the origin of weird.
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It sure is.
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We are trying to find.
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The weirdest origin stories?
00:00:38.606 --> 00:00:39.890
Yes, also.
00:00:40.140 --> 00:00:41.624
Or where did weird start?
00:00:41.664 --> 00:00:43.850
Yeah, like seriously we don't know, or where did weird start?
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Yeah, like seriously, we don't know.
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Did it start with you?
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I don't know.
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Did it start with me?
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I don't know.
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Let's find out.
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It most definitely started with you.
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Do you believe in Sorry?
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That's going to be a running topic for a while.
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We're going to talk about.
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Yes, do tell Ignaz Semmelweis, he actually helped prevent a deadly childbirth complication, okay called child bed fever child bed fever.
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Have you heard of it?
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I don't think I have.
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So did the child get a fever in bed?
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Kind of kind of I mean child bed fever leads me to believe that.
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It's actually also known as purperol fever, purple fever, purperol, purperol, puperol, puperol, pew, pew, pew, purperol.
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Okay, you need to stop with your fucking variations of this.
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Childbed fever is a postpartum infection caused by bacteria.
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Gotcha.
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Gotcha Okay.
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So today is largely preventable with proper hygiene and antibiotics, Sure.
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But back in the day, not so much, not so much.
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I mean we're talking pre-germ theory, pre-antibiotics.
00:02:01.507 --> 00:02:05.871
It was a common deadly complication, so that was like common deadly complication.
00:02:05.891 --> 00:02:07.777
So that was like what Complication, like five years ago?
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No, what time frame are we talking?
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The 18th 19th centuries.
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Okay, I kind of figured that yeah.
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So, within about three days of giving birth, patients developed abdominal pain fevers.
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So like the mothers did yes, or the babies did, the babies Okay, no fevers.
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So like the mothers did, yes, or the babies did, the babies.
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Okay, no the mothers, no the babies.
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So confused right now.
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Women.
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So men were immune.
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Women.
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Women.
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Developed abdominal pain.
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Yes.
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Fevers.
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Okay.
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Abscesses.
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Yeah.
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And other signs of infection, okay, and it would often progress to blood poisoning and death.
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Sounds fantastic, is that funny?
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I mean it kind of is because you still didn't answer my question, so it's the mothers.
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Okay, mortality rates yeah were really high, ranging from 20 to 30 percent for, like, sporadic cases, but then 70 to 80 percent during epidemics holy fuck, so epidemic.
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So is this something that could be caught?
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then yes, oh wow yes, so many prominent women died from this, including henry the eighth's.
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So many prominent women died from this, including henry the eighth's wife, jane seymour.
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I know of her.
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Yes, yes, she died of childbed fever.
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Yeah, I did not realize that was her cause of death.
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Yes, and it was a mystery before evidence-based medicine figured out right what it was, but theories ranged from imbalances in bodily fluids to bad air.
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Bad air.
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Yes, like you lived in, never mind Okay.
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Several factors contributed to the rise of child bed fever epidemics in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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Prior to the 18th century, male doctors rarely delivered babies unless complications came up.
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Because the women couldn't handle it.
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No, because they were doctors.
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No, that's not why.
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The other kind was midwives.
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Right so they didn't have that kind of like.
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No, because midwives were very popular back then.
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Yes.
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Yeah, I mean they're still around today, but not as prevalent.
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So there were two changes that occurred in the 1700s.
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More women gave birth in hospitals, sometimes due to social programs for the poor.
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Sure.
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And these hospitals were staffed by either midwives or doctors.
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Right.
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And medical education incorporated autopsies more frequently.
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Right, okay.
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So more women in hospitals, more autopsies.
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That's the correlation.
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Those were the two factors that happened in the 1700s, so these changes had unintended consequences.
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What's the word Consequences?
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Consequences.
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Doctors and students.
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Can you please say it normally, so I can stop laughing?
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Consequences.
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Thank you, consequences.
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Consequences Jesus Christ Sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry.
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Consequences Consequences Jesus Christ Sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry.
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So doctors and students handled bodies of women who died from child bed fever, often with bare hands.
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I hope they had to live with dignity.
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And pathogens weren't understood at the time.
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So there was a lack of hygiene and hand washing wasn't practiced yet.
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No.
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And cervical gloves.
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Cervical or surgical Surgical gloves, because that would be weird if it was cervical gloves.
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Surgical gloves.
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There it is, weren't invented yet.
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It wasn't invented in 1888.
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Nope, 1889.
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How were you a year off when you said that I'm tipsy?
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So surgical gloves weren't invented until 1889.
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Or, if you're actually proper, 1889.
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Okay, okay.
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So the combination of factors led to like a dramatic increase in childbed fever?
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Okay, okay, so the combination of factors led to like a dramatic increase in childbed fever.
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Okay.
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Particularly in hospitals.
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Right.
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Several hospitals experienced outbreaks.
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Hospitals weren't seen as safe places to give birth.
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Didn't because there was a pretty big mortality rate there, right, huge yeah.
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Like you go to the hospital, you fucking die.
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You die, yes, which is just wild, because you think you're going to someplace to help you right there, right, huge, yeah, like you go to the hospital.
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You fucking died a lot of times.
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Yes, which is just wild, because you think you're going to some place to help you yes, so some doctors recognize the link between autopsies and childbed fever right or patient to patient transmission right, and they did publish their theories and solutions.
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Okay, so in, so in 1746, Alexander Gordon of Scotland suggested doctors could transmit the disease and recommended disinfectant measures.
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Isn't it funny?
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Because they probably in their heads thought there's no way I can transfer that.
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I'm a doctor.
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Doctors did believe that.
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Well, some did.
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I'm sure there's some that did.
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In 1829, Robert Collins of Dublin implemented chlorine fumigation and cleaning protocols, significantly reducing cases.
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Isn't that wild?
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And in 1843, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr of Boston presented a paper advocating for hand washing and separation of obstetric duties and autopsies Autopsies.
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Did he?
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Did he puk the cod Havadjad?
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He probably did.
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Oliver Wendell Holmes Senya Senya His paper offered Okay you can stop with that.
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Practical solutions to prevent child death fever, but it was initially dismissed by the medical community.
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Some doctors ridiculed Holmes' theories.
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When did we get to the South?
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When did we get to the South?
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Why I do declare why I do declare that some doctors ridiculed Holmes theories, can I?
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get an amen.
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Amen Attributing to high bed, high child bed fever.
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Alright, stop, oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
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Jesus Christ.
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His paper offered practical solutions to prevent child bed fever, but it was initially dismissed by the medical community.
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Some doctors ridiculed Holmes' theories, attributing high childbirth fever rates to just bad luck wow, ignorant fucks that brings me to ignis symbol vice ignis symbol vice okay.
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Idol vice, oh sorry.
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No symbol vice Edelweiss, oh sorry.
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Edelweiss no.
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Semmelweis.
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Brujaha.
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He was born on July 1st 1818.
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Oh, that's a good year.
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He was the fifth out of ten.
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Semmelweis studied law first, but then became a doctor in Vienna.
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Because why not?
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Because I mean, got nothing else to do.
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Unable to find work in internal medicine, he pursued obstetrics and in 1846, semmelweis joined the Vienna General Hospital as an assistant in the maternity clinic.
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The hospital had two clinics, oh.
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First clinic was staffed by doctors and medical students who also performed autopsies Okay.
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And medical students who also performed autopsies Okay.
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The second clinic staffed by midwives and their students.
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Okay.
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Okay, semmelweis noticed a disturbing difference in childbed fever rates between the clinics, so can I guess the midwife and student one had less.
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Yes, midwife clinic had 1% to 2% mortality rate, where the doctor's clinic had 5% to 10% mortality rate.
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That is quite significant.
00:10:14.090 --> 00:10:16.349
It is, I mean, that's literally.
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Yeah, that's five times more.
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Women in labor would plead to be admitted to the midwife's clinic or giving birth on the street rather than the doctor's clinic.
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Isn't that fucking wild?
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Yes, that's just.
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Some of us even noticed that the street births had lower motility rates.
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See, that is just fucking amazing.
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Yes, because you can't tell me those were cleanly, cleanly.
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No, I mean, there was no godliness going on there, no, there wasn't.
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Yes Because you can't tell me those were cleanly, cleanly, no.
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I mean, there was no godliness going on there?
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No, there wasn't, wow Okay.
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He was deeply disturbed.
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Can you blame him by this investigation?
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I?
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don't blame him.
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Yeah, you don't say.
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He excluded overcrowding as a cause, since the second clinic was always more crowded.
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Sure because more people wanted to go there.
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He eliminated climate because the two clients were in close proximity to each other.
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He altered the position in which mothers gave birth.
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So instead of on their back on their knees.
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Or side-lying or something like that.
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He proposed that priests giving less rights in the clinic were terrifying women after birth, causing them to develop the fever, Like they would hear that the priest was here with his bell ringing.
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Bring out your dead.
00:11:40.336 --> 00:11:45.378
Exactly Women would hear that and potentially panic, thinking that it was them.
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Yeah, they were dying.
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Yeah, Okay.
00:11:47.885 --> 00:11:55.139
So a turning point came, when his colleague Caleb nope, Jacob Kolechka, Kolechka.
00:11:55.139 --> 00:12:00.923
Died of a condition resembling child bed fever after an autopsy mishap.
00:12:01.224 --> 00:12:01.404
Okay.
00:12:01.764 --> 00:12:03.732
A student had poked him with a scalpel.
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After cutting into.
00:12:06.839 --> 00:12:07.825
Yes, the autopsy yes.
00:12:08.407 --> 00:12:09.009
The disease.
00:12:09.009 --> 00:12:18.892
Yes, wow, so Semmelweis noticed that so how do you actually just poke him with a fucking scalpel Like oh hey, doc, yeah, wow, that's fucked up, yeah, okay.
00:12:19.184 --> 00:12:25.879
So Semmelweis noticed that, unlike midwives, medical students routinely performed autopsies and vaginal examinations.
00:12:27.184 --> 00:12:28.611
Because those go side by side.
00:12:29.445 --> 00:12:39.395
So he theorized that cadaverous particles from autopsies were transmitted to patients by the doctor's hands.
00:12:40.144 --> 00:12:48.456
Yeah, because you know they're fucking dead Icky.
00:12:48.456 --> 00:12:49.717
Yeah, continue Sorry.
00:12:49.998 --> 00:12:50.938
Icky, icky, icky.
00:12:51.320 --> 00:12:52.280
Icky icky eh.
00:12:53.306 --> 00:12:58.998
In May 1847, he implemented a mandatory hand washing protocol.
00:12:59.384 --> 00:13:01.894
Which is probably thought fucking witchcraft at the time.
00:13:01.953 --> 00:13:04.495
Yeah, it was chlorinated lime solution.
00:13:04.495 --> 00:13:05.763
I said wine Wine Chlorinated lime solution.
00:13:05.763 --> 00:13:11.924
I said wine Wine Chlorinated lime solution, which was a disinfectant after autopsies, gotcha.
00:13:11.924 --> 00:13:20.953
So he did this because he found the chlorinated solution worked best to remove the putrid smell of infected autopsy tissue.
00:13:21.144 --> 00:13:33.388
And it's funny because that was the initial reason for it was just to get rid of the smell, not to actually clean your hands.
00:13:33.408 --> 00:13:38.304
It was just to eliminate a smell, right, and it destroyed the poisonous or contaminating cadaveric agent hypothetically being transmitted by this material.
00:13:38.304 --> 00:13:41.429
But the impact was immediate.
00:13:41.429 --> 00:14:07.120
Child bed fever mortality in the doctor's clinic plummeted from 18.3 percent in april to 2.2 percent in june I mean, that's literally two months, yes, and it drops 16 percent, yes, and by august, another two months later, zero deaths, for the first time since autopsies became routine weird, isn't it?
00:14:08.043 --> 00:14:15.565
despite the success of hand washing, he couldn't fully explain why hand washing worked, leading to doubts of his theory.
00:14:15.565 --> 00:14:24.373
So he revised his theory, suggesting that cadaverous particles could come from any decaying matter, not just human bodies.
00:14:24.373 --> 00:14:28.486
Right, so most established doctors rejected his findings.
00:14:28.486 --> 00:14:41.056
They clung on to the miasma theory, which is disease caused by bad air those people are, I understand, not enough information.
00:14:41.056 --> 00:14:48.532
Yeah fuck, they're dumb some doctors were offended at the suggestion that they should wash their hands.
00:14:48.664 --> 00:14:49.288
I know better.
00:14:49.288 --> 00:14:52.392
Like you think, I put my hands somewhere they shouldn't have been.
00:14:52.511 --> 00:14:55.789
I am a doctor, I'm a gentleman doctor.
00:14:55.830 --> 00:14:59.405
Yeah, I do declare, sir, my hands are clean, sir.
00:14:59.405 --> 00:15:01.265
By all means.
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I believe you are wrong.
00:15:05.004 --> 00:15:07.772
But access to clean water wasn't always guaranteed in here.
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